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Welcome to Microbiology at Delta College!

Microbiology & Infection Control

Joyce Howard, Delta College 

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Bonus Buck Assignment:
Summary of Gram Negative & Miscellaneous Bacterial Diseases

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There are 20 Gram Negative bacterial diseases which we want to concentrate on in this course. The names of those infections, text references, and Internet links are provided below. Over the past semesters, students have opted to do this summary as a way to prepare themselves for the exam. Those students typically raise their grades as a result! You may want to try this too. If you do, the summary must be submitted by the end of the exam window.

You are not required to use the links I offer. They are given as references and to help to get you started. From these links, you can often find further reference links. You may prefer to use a search tool you are used to.

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burn infections, UTI's, Pneumonia, and other nosocomial infections - pages 697-8;
  
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/med/topic1943.htm
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/med/byname/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-infections.htm
  
• Legionnaire's Disease - pages 571-3;
  
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/emerg/topic295.htm
• CDC link: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/legionellosis_g.htm
• Pertussis (or Whooping Cough) - pages 566-9;
  
• CDC link: http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/pink/pert.pdf
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/aaem/topic483.htm   
  
• Note: You must discuss the pertussis vaccination schedule (number of shots & when given) for children.
  
• E. coli Infections - pages 603-4;
  
• CDC link: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htm
• E-Med link:  http://emedicine.com/ped/topic2696.htm
• NOTE:  Must include discussion of ETEC (Enterotoxigenic E. coli), EIEC (Enteroinvasive E. coli), EPEC (Enteropathogenic E. coli), EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, and HUS in your answer.
• Salmonellosis & Typhoid Fever - pages 604-6;
  
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/emerg/topic515.htm
• CDC link: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/typhoidfever_g.htm
• NOTE: Must include discussion of the difference between Salmonellosis & Typhoid Fever in your answer.
• Shigellosis & Bacillary Dysentery - pages 601-3;
  
• CDC link: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/shigellosis_g.htm   
  
• E-Med link: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2112.htm
  
• NOTE: Must include discussion of difference between  Shigellosis & Bacillary Dysentery in your answer.
  
• Cholera - pages 599-601;
• CDC link: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/cholera_g.htm
• E-Med link: http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic382.htm
  
• Pasteurella multocida Bite Wounds - pages 705-6;
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/emerg/topic60.htm
• E-Med link: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1764.htm
  
• Campylobacteriosis - pages 606-7;
• CDC link: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/campylobacter_g.htm
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/ped/topic2697.htm
• Helicobacter pylori Gastric & Duodenal Ulcers and Gastric Cancer - pages 592-4;
• CDC link:  http://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/consumer.htm
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/emerg/topic820.htm   
• NOTE: Must include discussion of Gastric Cancer in your answer.
  
• Cat Scratch Fever - pages 706-7;   
  
• E-Med Link: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic304.htm
• CDC Link: http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/catscratch.htm
• Plague - Bubonic and Pneumonic - pages 723-6;   
  
• CDC Link: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/index.htm
• E-Med Link: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/8757-1.asp
• CDC Link: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/faq.asp
  
• Note: Besides the 10 required topics to be covered, also do the following. Distinguish between bubonic and pneumonic plague. Describe the progression of bubonic plague. Describe the progression of pneumonic plague. Discuss Plague and bioterrorism.
• Meningococcal Meningitis - pages 688-71;  
  
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/med/topic1444.htm  
  
• ACHA link: http://www.acha.org/projects_programs/overview.cfm    
  
• CDC link: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/meningococcal_g.htm  
  
• Note: Must include information on the meningococcal vaccine (strains it is effective against and recommendations concerning who gets vaccinated). Must discuss meningococcal disease in college students.
• Gonorrhea - pages 644-6;
  
• CDC link: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Fact_Sheets/FactsGonorrhea.htm   
  
• CDC link: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dastlr/gcdir/gono.html  
  
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/emerg/topic220.htm
• Gram Negative Septic Shock (also known as Septicemia or Endotoxic Shock) - pages 719-20;
• E-Med link: http://emedicine.com/emerg/topic533.htm
• E-Med link: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2101.htm
  
• Link: www.sussex.ac.uk/press_office/bulletin/02may97/item10.html
• Infections caused by Bacteroides fragilis and Other AGNB (Anaerobic Gram Negative Bacteria) - page 291;
  
• E-Med link: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2945.htm
• E-Med link: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2702.htm
• Chlamydial sexually-transmitted disease - pages 646 & 292;  
  
• CDC Link: http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia/STDFact-Chlamydia.htm
• CDC Link: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5342a1.htm
• E-Med Link: http://emedicinehealth.com/articles/17179-1.asp
  
• Note: Besides the 10 required topics to be covered, also do the following. Describe the morphology of the Elementary Body (EB).Describe the kinds of body cells that the EBs enter. One inside the body's cells, the EB reorganizes into the Reticulate Body (RB). Describe how the RB forms the inclusion and where the inclusion is located within the cell. Describe how long it takes for the infected cell to ruptureand what form of Chlamydia is released to infect other cells. Describe what serious complications can occur in the female due to chlamydial infection. Explain what % of sexually active women are estimated to be infected with Chlamydia. Describe the two kinds of lab tests used to detect Chlamydia. Explain how much of an increased risk of acquiring HIV there is for women infected with Chlamydia. Tell what % of 15- to 19-year-old girls are infected and what % of 20- to 24-year-old women are infected with Chlamydia.
  
• Primary Atypical Pneumonia (Walking Pneumonia) - pages 578-9;   
  
• CDC Link: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/mycoplasmapneum_t.htm  
  
• E-Med Link: http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic467.htm
  
• Note: Besides the 10 required topics to be covered, also do the following. Describe the complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Tell how many cases and hospitalizations occur each year due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Tell how Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted.
• Syphilis - pages 648-52;       
  
• CDC Link: http://www.cdc.gov/std/Syphilis/STDFact-Syphilis.htm
  E-Med Link: http://emedicinehealth.com/Articles/17555-1.asp
  
• Note: Besides the 10 required topics to be covered, also do the following. Describe the ways syphilis can and cannot be spread. Describe the stages of syphilis: primary stage, secondary stage, latent stage, and tertiary stage. Explain how immune complexes form during the secondary stage of syphilis. Describe how varied the rash can be in the secondary stage. Describe congenital syphilis. Explain why syphilis can recur. 
• Lyme Disease - pages 543-7;               
  
• CDC Link:  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/history.htm
• E-Med Link: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/12852-1.asp
  
• Note: Besides the 10 required topics to be covered, also do the following. Give the common names and genus-species names for the types of ticks responsible for transmission of Lyme Disease. Name the types of persons at risk for Lyme Disease. Outline the two-year life cycle of the deer tick. Describe the reservoirs for Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme Disease. Describe the vectors for Lyme Disease. Describe the mode of transmission for Lyme Disease to humans. Describe the progression of symptoms in Lyme Disease.

• For each disease you will summarize the following:  1) name of disease, 2) causative agent(s), 3) Description of the causative agent(s), 4) symptoms, 5) incubation period, 6) pathogenesis, 7) epidemiology, 8) treatment (Note: Be specific!), 9) prevention, 10) control, 11) isolation precautions employed in a healthcare setting for the disease (including information contained in Appendix A footnotes), and 12) any additional information requested as a “Note.”
• If your disease includes a "Note" about something you must include in your summary, then you must include it! Throughout the semester many diseases will have these notes. “Notes” are meant to help guide you so that you're covering all the pertinent information. "Notes" are a required part of the exam essays!
  
  • The information in the “note” is meant to be discussed within the report itself, not as an addition at the bottom of the report.
  • For example, if I say to discuss something about the pathogenesis of your disease, do it in the “Pathogenesis” section, not as a “note” at the bottom of the report.

1. Name of the Disease: This is given to you. (How else would you know what we're studying!)
2. Causative Agent(s): This is (are) the microorganism(s), known as the pathogen(s), causing the disease.
   
3. Description of Causative Agent(s): This is the important information about the causative agent. 
1. Examples for bacteria are: Is it Gram-positive or negative?  Rod or cocci? Aerobe, facultative anaerobe, or strict anaerobe?  Motile or nonmotile? Has a capsule? Forms a biofilm? The exotoxins it produces? Other characteristics of the bacterium?
4. Symptoms: These are what the patient experiences and healthcare workers recognize as part of their diagnosis.
5. Incubation period: This is the range of time during which the disease begins to develop within the patient. Sometimes this is given clearly. Other times, you have to read through the information given and discern the incubation period.
   
6. Pathogenesis: This is the process by which the disease develops. What is it about the pathogen that enables it to cause this disease? Does the pathogen have particular virulence factors? How does the disease progress within the patient?
7. Epidemiology: This is the study of factors influencing the frequency and spread of the disease. How is it transmitted? Are there typical age groups that are effected? Are there seasonal effects? How does transmission most frequently occur?
8. Treatment: This involves the therapy measures employed. These may include antimicrobials, fluid & electrolyte replacement, and controlling the symptoms (such as fever). Note: Be specific in your answers! For example, you cannot simply state that a particular disease is treated by antibacterials. Which antibacterial(s) are specifically used for the disease you are researching?
9. Prevention: These are measures used to stop the transmission of the disease. 
1. Prevention is before the disease happens in a person or to prevent its spread within a community.  Examples are immunizations, good hygiene practices, isolating infected children. 
2. There are always ways to prevent a disease! Even if the textbook says "there's no preventive method", that is not an acceptable answer. If you think about how the organism is transmitted, then you can think of how to prevent that transmission.
   
3. "Prevention" and "Control" must be separate categories in your answer; you cannot group them into one answer, as the textbook often does.
   
10. Control: These are measures used to control the spread of the disease. Now the disease is in the person or the community and we must make every effort to stop it from spreading any further!  Examples are: mosquito control, good sanitation systems, school or work restrictions, and use of isolation. 
1. There are always ways to control a disease! If there weren't, we'd all be doomed!
   
2. Education is probably the best and main control method that exists for any and all diseases!
11. Isolation Precautions:
    
1. Isolation Precautions employed in healthcare by the healthcare worker are, at a minimum, Standard Precautions with all patients.
   
2. When required, isolation precautions includes one or more of the three transmission-based precautions: Airborne Precautions, Droplet Precautions, and Contact Precautions.
   
1. With transmission-based precautions, additional information about the duration these precautions must be employed by the healthcare worker, if negative test results must be obtained, etc., is required. All of that additional information must be included in your report.
3. Standard Precautions, Airborne Precautions, Droplet Precautions and Contact Precautions are all proper names for sets of standards applied in healthcare. Therefore, they must be capitalized, as I'm doing here.
4. Isolation, by itself, may be employed as a control method when someone has a particular disease that is highly transmissable. We want to isolate the patient to keep them from exposing other patients and the healthcare workers. When isolation is involved, the workers are employing one or more of the transmission-based precautions to protect themselves and their other patients. So if isolation is involved, it would appear under "Control" information in a report, while the type of transmission-based precautions employed to achieve that isolation would appear under "Isolation Precautions."
5. Use Appendix A from the Isolation Precaution Guidelines to find information on the type of isolation precautions to employ.
   
1. Include any additional notes given in the footnotes of the appendix. (For example, give information about the duration of the illness.)
   
2. The patient population description for diapered and incontinent patients with regard to gastrointestinal infections/diseases needs to be expanded to include ALL diapered or incontinent patients irregardless of age (not just children less than 6 years of age). You were asked to make this correction on your printed copy of Appendix A in the Isolation Precautions assignment. If you haven't printed the appendix, you need to do so and make this correction.
12. If your disease includes a "Note" about something you must include in your summary, then you must include it! Throughout the semester many diseases will have these notes. “Notes” are meant to help guide you so that you're covering all the pertinent information. "Notes" are a required part of the exam essays!
1. The information in the “note” is meant to be discussed within the report itself, not as an addition at the bottom of the report.
2. For example, if I say to discuss something about the pathogenesis of your disease, do it in the “Pathogenesis” section, not as a “note” at the bottom of the report.
13. Include any additional outside resources you used. Give enough information (ex:  the web address for a link) so that any of us could check and use the resource.

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

2. Legionnaire's Disease

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

3. Pertussis (or Whooping Cough)

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

4.  E. coli Infections and HUS

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

ETEC (Enterotoxigenic E. coli)

EIEC (Enteroinvasive E. coli)

EPEC (Enteropathogenic E. coli)

EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli)

E. coli O157:H7

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

NOTE: Must include discussion of HUS in your answer.

5. Salmonellosis & Typhoid Fever

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

NOTE: Must include discussion of the difference between Salmonellosis & Typhoid Fever in your answer.

6. Shigellosis & Bacillary Dysentery

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

NOTE: Must include discussion of the difference between  Shigellosis & Bacillary Dysentery in your answer.

7. Cholera

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

8. Pasteurella multocida Bite Wounds

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

9. Campylobacteriosis

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

10. Helicobacter pylori Gastric & Duodenal Ulcers and Gastric Cancer

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

NOTE: Must include discussion of Gastric Cancer in your answer.

11.  Cat Scratch Fever

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

12.  Plague - Bubonic and Pneumonic  

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Bubonic Plague.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

13. Meningococcal Meningitis

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention. Note: Must include information on the meningococcal vaccine (strains it is effective against and recommendations concerning who gets vaccinated). Must discuss meningococcal disease in college students.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

14. Gonorrhea

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

15. Gram Negative Septic Shock (also known as Septicemia or Endotoxic Shock)

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

18. Primary Atypical Pneumonia (Walking Pneumonia)

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

Causative agent(s): Give the name(s) and a description.

Symptoms.

Incubation Period.

Pathogenesis.

Epidemiology.

Treatment.

Prevention.

Control.

Isolation precautions employed.

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